You are here

Research Methods, Statistics, and Applications
Share
Share

Research Methods, Statistics, and Applications

Fourth Edition


January 2027 | 680 pages | SAGE Publications, Inc
Research Methods, Statistics, and Applications continues to bring methods and statistics together in a way that helps students see how research decisions unfold in practice. Written in a clear, conversational style, the text guides students through the research process step-by-step—from developing a question to selecting a design and choosing the appropriate analysis—helping build both confidence and competence as emerging researchers. Grounded in real examples from across the social and behavioral sciences, the text emphasizes decision-making and application, encouraging students to actively engage with the material and think critically about research in academic, professional, and everyday contexts. The Fourth Edition has been thoroughly updated to reflect current research practices and contemporary issues. New and revised examples incorporate recent literature, while expanded coverage of ethics—including guidance on the responsible use of artificial intelligence—helps students understand how ethical principles shape research choices throughout the process.

Sage Vantage Learning Platform
This text is offered in Sage Vantage, an intuitive learning platform that integrates quality Sage textbook content with assignable multimedia activities and auto-graded assessments to drive student engagement and ensure accountability. Unparalleled in its ease of use and built for dynamic teaching and learning, Vantage offers customizable LMS integration and best-in-class support.

Highlights
  • NEW! An AI Literacy module prepares students to engage confidently with today's AI tools through an interactive, outcomes-focused experience—with minimal instructor lift and no course redesign required. Available exclusively in Sage Vantage and written by professors who teach and publish about AI, the AI Information Literacy, Academic Integrity, and Responsible AI Use integrates video, data driven examples, applied activities, Knowledge Checks, and built-in assessments that help instructors track student understanding. Focused on strengthening critical thinking, the module teaches students how to evaluate AI outputs for accuracy and bias while developing responsible prompting strategies that support academic success without compromising students’ intellectual growth.
  • NEW! A suite of assessment tools that are auto graded and easy to assign:
    • Knowledge Checks occur at the end of each major section in the eBook. These low-stakes questions help students make sure they understand the material before moving on.
    • Practice Problems at the end of the chapter are students' opportunity to check their own learning. These formative problem sets give students an opportunity to try out their skills with a mix of multiple choice and numeric entry responses. The "Try Another Version" feature allows students to make another attempt with a similar question aligned to the same learning objective.
    • The Chapter Quiz tests the major concepts in the chapter with a variety of question types, including multi-part word problems similar to ones they might encounter on an exam. Each part builds on the previous one to reinforce critical thinking and procedural understanding—for example, defining the question, identifying variables, and solving equations in sequence. Students can receive immediate feedback, and their results sync automatically to the Vantage gradebook and your LMS, with no extra grading required.
  • NEW! Available in Practice Problems, the Try Another Version feature supports skill-building through versioned practice. Students can attempt similar questions with new variables, aligned to the same learning objective, Bloom’s level, and level of rigor—ideal for targeted repetition and mastery.
  • NEW! Numeric input lets students enter exact numerical answers in all assessment types—ideal for statistics problems that require precise values and calculations.
  • NEW! All tables and figures in both the assessments and the eBook are now downloadable.
  • Additional study tools, including a video library, flashcards and note-taking, highlighting, and definition look-up capabilities, give students all they need for class preparation and course success.?
 
Preface
 
About the Authors
 
Chapter 1: Thinking Like a Researcher
Critical Thinking

 
The Scientific Approach

 
Overview of the Research Process (A.K.A. The Scientific Method

 
Thinking Critically About Ethics

 
The Big Picture: Scientific Progress, not Scientific Proof

 
Chapter Resources

 
Summary

 
Key Terms

 
Do You Understand the Chapter?

 
Student Research Topics

 
 
Chapter 2: Build a Solid Foundation For Your Study Based on Past Research
Types of Sources

 
Strategies to Identify and Find Past Research

 
Reading and Evaluating Primary Research Articles

 
Crediting Sources

 
The Big Picture: Use the Past to Inform the Present

 
Chapter Resources

 
Summary

 
Key Terms

 
Do You Understand the Chapter?

 
 
Chapter 3: Select Your Tools: How To Measure Your Variables
Constructs and Operational Definitions

 
Four Levels of Measurement

 
Self-Report Measures

 
Behavioral and Physiological Measures

 
Archival Research

 
The Big Picture: How to Choose Measures for Your Study

 
Chapter Resources

 
Summary

 
Key Terms

 
Do You Understand the Chapter?

 
 
Chapter 4: The Cornerstones of Good Research: Reliability and Validity
Reliability and Validity of Measurement

 
Evaluating the Reliability of Measures

 
Evaluating the Validity of Measures

 
Reliability and Validity of Results

 
The Big Picture: Reliability and Validity Considerations in Designing a Study

 
Chapter Resources

 
Summary

 
Key Terms

 
Do You Understand the Chapter?

 
Practice Dataset

 
 
Chapter 5: Basics of Research Design: Description and Sampling
Descriptive Designs

 
Validity in Descriptive Studies

 
Defining the Population and Obtaining A Sample

 
Random (or Probability) Sampling

 
Nonrandom (Nonprobability) Sampling

 
The Big Picture: Choosing a Sampling Method

 
Chapter Resources

 
Summary

 
Key Terms

 
Do You Understand the Chapter?

 
 
Chapter 6: Describing Your Sample
Ethical and Practical Issues in Describing Your Sample

 
Descriptive Statistics

 
Choosing the Appropriate Descriptive Statistics

 
Comparing Interval/Ratio Scores with z Scores and Percentiles

 
The Big Picture: Know Your Data and Your Sample

 
Chapter Resources

 
Summary

 
Key Terms

 
Do You Understand the Chapter?

 
Practice Dataset and Analyses

 
 
Chapter 7: Beyond Descriptives: Making Inferences Based on Your Sample
Inferential Statistics

 
Hypothesis Testing

 
Rejecting or Retaining the Null Hypothesis

 
Errors in Hypothesis Testing

 
Effect Size, Confidence Intervals, and Practical Significance

 
The Big Picture: Making Sense of Results

 
Chapter Resources

 
Summary

 
Key Terms

 
Do You Understand the Chapter?

 
Practice with Statistics

 
 
Chapter 8: Comparing Your Sample to a Known or Expected Score
Choosing the Appropriate Test

 
One-Sample t Tests

 
Null Hypothesis (H0)

 
Formulas and Calculations: One-Sample t Test

 
Calculating the Association Strength

 
Calculating a Confidence Interval

 
The Big Picture: Examining One Variable at a Time

 
Chapter Resources

 
Summary

 
Key Terms

 
Do You Understand the Chapter?

 
Practice With Statistics

 
Dataset

 
 
Chapter 9: Examining Relationships Among Your Variables: Correlational Design
Correlational Design

 
Designing Powerful, Meaningful, and Ethical Correlational Studies

 
Validity in Correlational Studies

 
Statistics to Evaluate Correlational Research

 
Formulas and Calculations

 
The Big Picture: Correlational Designs Versus Correlational Analyses

 
Chapter Resources

 
Summary

 
Key Terms

 
Do You Understand the Chapter?

 
Practice with Statistics

 
 
Chapter 10: Examining Causality: Experimental Design
Testing Cause and Effect

 
Threats to Internal Validity

 
Designing Powerful, Meaningful, and Ethical Experiments

 
Steps in Experimental Design

 
The Big Picture: Benefits and Limits of Experimental Design

 
Chapter Resources

 
Summary

 
Key Terms

 
Do You Understand the Chapter?

 
 
Chapter 11: Independent-Groups Designs
Designs with Two Independent Groups

 
Formulas and Calculations: Independent-Samples t Test

 
Using a Data Analysis Program to Calculate Independent Samples t Tests

 
Designs with More than Two Independent Groups

 
ETHICS TIP: Balance Inclusion with Adequate Representation

 
Formulas and Calculations: One-Way Between-Subjects ANOVA

 
Using a Data Analysis Program to Calculate One-Way Between-Subjects ANOVAS

 
The Big Picture: Identifying and Analyzing Independent-Groups Designs

 
Chapter Resources

 
Summary

 
Key Terms

 
Do You Understand the Chapter?

 
Practice with Statistics

 
 
Chapter 12: Dependent-Groups Designs
Designs With Two Dependent Groups

 
Formulas and Calculations: Dependent-Samples t Test

 
Using a Data Analysis Program to Calculate a Dependent-Samples t Test

 
Designs with More than Two Dependent Groups

 
Formulas and Calculations: One-Way Within-Subjects ANOVA

 
Using a Data Analysis Program to Calculate One-Way Within-Subjects ANOVAS

 
The Big Picture: Identifying and Analyzing Dependent-Groups Designs

 
Chapter Resources

 
Summary

 
Key Terms

 
Do You Understand the Chapter?

 
Practice With Design and Statistics

 
 
Chapter 13: Factorial Designs
Basic Concepts in Factorial Design

 
Rationale for Factorial Designs

 
2 × 2 Designs

 
Two-Way Between-Subjects ANOVA

 
Beyond the 2 × 2 Independent-Groups Design

 
The Big Picture: Embracing Complexity

 
Chapter Resources

 
Summary

 
Key Terms

 
Do You Understand the Chapter?

 
Practice with Statistics

 
 
Chapter 14: Nonparametric Statistics
Parametric Versus Nonparametric Statistics

 
Chi-Square Goodness of Fit

 
Chi-Square Test for Independence

 
Dependent-Groups Designs with Nominal Outcome Measures

 
Nonparametric Statistics for Ordinal Data

 
Spearman’s rho

 
The Big Picture: Selecting Parametric Versus Nonparametric Tests

 
Chapter Resources

 
Summary

 
Key Terms

 
Do You Understand the Chapter?

 
Practice with Statistics

 
 
Chapter 15: Focusing on The Individual: Case Studies and Single N Designs
Samples Versus Individuals

 
The Case Study

 
Qualitative Analyses

 
Single N Designs

 
The Big Picture: Choosing Between a Sample, Case Study, Or Single N Design

 
Chapter Resources

 
Summary

 
Key Terms

 
Do You Understand the Chapter?

 
 
Chapter 16: How to Decide?: Choosing a Research Design and Selecting the Correct Analysis
Choosing a Research Design

 
Selecting Your Statistical Analyses

 
The Big Picture: Beyond this Class

 
Chapter Resources

 
Summary

 
Do You Understand the Chapter?

 
 
Appendix A: Answers to Practice Questions
 
Appendix B: Apa Style and Format Guidelines
 
Appendix C: Statistical Tables
 
Appendix D: Statistical Formulas
 
Glossary
 
References
 
Index