Statistics for the Behavioral Sciences

Fourth Edition

Gregory J. Privitera - St. Bonaventure University

Other Titles in:
Education | Psychology (General) | Research Methods & Evaluation (General)

July 2023 | 960 pages | SAGE Publications, Inc

Recipient of the 2024 Textbook & Academic Authors Association (TAA) Textbook Excellence Award
This award recognizes excellence in current textbooks and learning materials.

Statistics for the Behavioral Sciences by award-winning author Gregory Privitera aims to not only inspire students to use statistics properly to better understand the world around them, but also to develop the skills to be lab-ready in applied research settings. Incorporating examples from current, relatable research throughout the text, Privitera shows students that statistics can be relevant, interesting, and accessible. Robust pedagogy encourages students to continually check their comprehension and hone their skills by working through problem sets throughout the text, including exercises that seamlessly integrate SPSS. This new Fourth Edition gives students a greater awareness of the best practices of analysis in the behavioral sciences, with a focus on transparency in recording, managing, analyzing, and interpreting data.

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PART I. INTRODUCTION AND DESCRIPTIVE STATISTICS

1. Introduction to Statistics

1.1 The Use of Statistics in Science

1.2 Descriptive and Inferential Statistics

1.3 Research Methods and Statistics

1.4 Scales of Measurement

1.5 Types of Variables for Which Data Are Measured

1.6 SPSS in Focus: Entering and Defining Variables

2. Summarizing Data: Frequency Distributions in Tables and Graphs

2.1 Why Summarize Data?

2.2 Simple Frequency Distributions for Grouped Data

2.3 Other Ways of Summarizing Grouped Data in Frequency Distributions

2.4 Identifying Percentile Points and Percentile Ranks

2.5 SPSS in Focus: Frequency Distributions for Quantitative Data

2.6 Frequency Distributions for Ungrouped Data

2.7 SPSS in Focus: Frequency Distributions for Categorical Data

2.8 Pictorial Frequency Distributions

2.9 Graphing Distributions: Continuous Data

2.10 Stem-and-Leaf Displays

2.11 Graphing Distributions: Discrete and Categorical Data

2.12 SPSS in Focus: Histograms, Bar Charts, Pie Charts, and Stem-and-Leaf Displays

3. Summarizing Data: Central Tendency

3.1 Introduction to Central Tendency

3.2 Measures of Central Tendency: The Mean

3.3 Measures of Central Tendency: The Weighted Mean

3.4 Measures of Central Tendency: The Median and the Mode

3.5 Characteristics of the Mean

3.6 Choosing an Appropriate Measure of Central Tendency

3.7 SPSS in Focus: Mean, Median, and Mode

4. Summarizing Data: Variability

4.1 Introduction to Variability

4.2 The Range

4.3 Quartiles and Interquartiles

4.4 The Variance

4.5 The Computational Formula for Variance

4.6 Explaining Variance for Populations and Samples

4.7 The Standard Deviation

4.8 The Informativeness of Standard Deviation

4.9 SPSS in Focus: Range, Quartiles, Variance, and Standard Deviation

PART II. PROBABILITY AND THE FOUNDATIONS OF INFERENTIAL STATISTICS

5. Probability

5.1 Introduction to Probability

5.2 Probability and Relative Frequency

5.3 The Relationship Between Multiple Outcomes

5.4 Conditional Probabilities and Bayes’s Theorem

5.5 SPSS in Focus: Probability Tables

5.6 Probability Distributions

5.7 The Mean of a Probability Distribution and Expected Value

5.8 The Variance and Standard Deviation of a Probability Distribution

5.9 Expected Value and the Binomial Distribution

6. Probability, Normal Distributions, and z Scores

6.1 Characteristics of the Normal Distribution

6.2 The Standard Normal Distribution and the z Transformation

6.3 The Unit Normal Table: A Brief Introduction

6.4 Locating Proportions

6.5 Locating Scores

6.6 SPSS in Focus: Converting Raw Scores to Standard z Scores

6.7 The Normal Approximation to the Binomial Distribution

7. Probability and Sampling Distributions

7.1 Selecting Samples From Populations

7.2 Selecting a Sample: Who’s In and Who’s Out?

7.3 Sampling Distributions: The Mean

7.4 Sampling Distributions: The Variance

7.5 The Standard Error of the Mean

7.6 Factors That Decrease Standard Error

7.7 SPSS in Focus: Estimating the Standard Error of the Mean

7.8 Standard Normal Transformations With Sampling Distributions

8. Hypothesis Testing: Significance, Effect Size, Estimation, and Power

8.1 The Informativeness of Evaluating Effects in Science

8.2 Inferential Statistics and Applying the Steps to Hypothesis Testing

8.3 Making a Decision: Types of Error

8.4 Testing for Significance: Examples Using the z Test

8.5 Measuring the Size of an Effect: Cohen’s d

8.6 Confidence Intervals for the One-Sample z Test

8.7 Factors That Influence Power

8.8 Assumptions of Parametric Testing: Normality and Nonparametric Alternatives

8.9 SPSS in Focus: A Preview for Analyzing Inferential Statistics

PART III. MAKING INFERENCES ABOUT ONE OR TWO MEANS

9. Testing Means: One-Sample t Test With Confidence Intervals

9.1 Going From z to t

9.2 The Degrees of Freedom

9.3 Reading the t Table

9.4 Computing the One-Sample t Test

9.5 Effect Size for the One-Sample t Test

9.6 Confidence Intervals for the One-Sample t Test

9.7 Inferring Significance and Effect Size From a Confidence Interval

9.8 SPSS in Focus: One-Sample t Test and Confidence Intervals

10. Testing Means: Two-Independent-Sample t Tests With Confidence Intervals

10.1 Introduction to the Between-Subjects Design

10.2 Selecting Two Independent Samples

10.3 Variability and Comparing Differences Between Two Groups

10.4 Computing the Two-Independent-Sample t Test

10.5 Effect Size for the Two-Independent-Sample t Test

10.6 Confidence Intervals for the Two-Independent-Sample t Test

10.7 Inferring Significance and Effect Size From a Confidence Interval

10.8 SPSS in Focus: Two-Independent-Sample t Test and Confidence Intervals

11. Testing Means: The Related-Samples t Test With Confidence Intervals

11.1 Selecting Related Samples

11.2 Advantages of Selecting Related Samples

11.3 Introduction to the Related-Samples t Test

11.4 Computing the Related-Samples t Test

11.5 Measuring Effect Size for the Related-Samples t Test

11.6 Confidence Intervals for the Related-Samples t Test

11.7 Inferring Significance and Effect Size From a Confidence Interval

11.8 SPSS in Focus: Related-Samples t Test and Confidence Intervals

PART IV. MAKING INFERENCES ABOUT THE VARIABILITY OF TWO OR MORE MEANS

12. Analysis of Variance: One-Way Between-Subjects Design

12.1 Introduction to Analysis of Variance

12.2 Selecting Two or More Independent Samples

12.3 The Test Statistic and Sources of Variation

12.4 Degrees of Freedom

12.5 The One-Way Between-Subjects ANOVA

12.6 Post Hoc Tests

12.7 Measuring Effect Size

12.8 SPSS in Focus: The One-Way Between-Subjects ANOVA

13. Analysis of Variance: One-Way Within-Subjects (Repeated-Measures) Design

13.1 Analysis of Variance for a Within-Subjects Factor

13.2 The Test Statistic and Sources of Variation

13.3 Degrees of Freedom

13.4 The One-Way Within-Subjects ANOVA

13.5 Post Hoc Comparisons: Bonferroni Procedure

13.6 Measuring Effect Size

13.7 SPSS in Focus: The One-Way Within-Subjects ANOVA

13.8 The Within-Subjects Design: Consistency and Power

14. Analysis of Variance: Two-Way Between-Subjects Factorial Design

14.1 Analysis of Variance With Two Factors

14.2 Designs for the Two-Way ANOVA

14.3 Describing Variability: Main Effects and Interactions

14.4 The Two-Way Between-Subjects ANOVA

14.5 Analyzing Main Effects and Interactions

14.6 Measuring Effect Size

14.7 SPSS in Focus: The Two-Way Between-Subjects ANOVA

PART V. MAKING INFERENCES ABOUT PATTERNS, FREQUENCIES, AND ORDINAL DATA

15. Correlation

15.1 The Structure of a Correlational Design

15.2 The Pearson Test Statistic and Sources of Variability

15.3 Assumptions for the Pearson Correlation Coefficient

15.4 Pearson Correlation Coefficient

15.5 Effect Size: The Coefficient of Determination

15.6 SPSS in Focus: Pearson Correlation Coefficient

15.7 Limitations in Interpretation: Causality, Outliers, and Restriction of Range

15.8 Alternative to Pearson’s r: Spearman Correlation Coefficient

15.9 SPSS in Focus: Spearman Correlation Coefficient

15.10 Alternative to Pearson’s r: Point-Biserial Correlation Coefficient

15.11 SPSS in Focus: Point-Biserial Correlation Coefficient

15.12 Alternative to Pearson’s r: Phi Correlation Coefficient

15.13 SPSS in Focus: Phi Correlation Coefficient

16. Linear Regression and Multiple Regression

16.1 The Structure of Linear Regression

16.2 What Makes the Regression Line the Best-Fitting Line?

16.3 The Slope and y-Intercept of a Straight Line

16.4 Using the Method of Least Squares to Find the Best Fit

16.5 Evaluating Significance Using Analysis of Regression

16.6 Using the Standard Error of Estimate to Measure Accuracy

16.7 SPSS in Focus: Analysis of Regression

16.8 Introduction to Multiple Regression

16.9 Evaluating Significance Using Multiple Regression

16.10 The ß Coefficient for Multiple Regression

16.11 Evaluating Significance for the Relative Contribution of Each Predictor Variable

16.12 SPSS in Focus: Multiple Regression Analysis

17. Nonparametric Tests: Chi-Square Tests

17.1 Introduction to the Chi-Square Test

17.2 Comparing Observed and Expected Frequencies for the Goodness-of-Fit Test

17.3 The Test Statistic and Degrees of Freedom for the Goodness-of-Fit Test

17.4 Computing the Chi-Square Goodness-of-Fit Test

17.5 Interpreting the Chi-Square Goodness-of-Fit Test

17.6 SPSS in Focus: The Chi-Square Goodness-of-Fit Test

17.7 Introduction to the Chi-Square Test for Independence

17.8 Computing the Chi-Square Test for Independence

17.9 The Relationship Between Chi-Square and the Phi Coefficient

17.10 Measures of Effect Size

17.11 SPSS in Focus: The Chi-Square Test for Independence

18. Nonparametric Tests: Tests for Ordinal Data

18.1 Tests for Ordinal Data

18.2 The Sign Test

18.3 SPSS in Focus: Computing the Related-Samples Sign Test

18.4 The Wilcoxon Signed-Ranks T Test

18.5 SPSS in Focus: Computing the Wilcoxon Signed-Ranks T Test

18.6 The Mann-Whitney U Test

18.7 SPSS in Focus: Computing the Mann-Whitney U Test

18.8 The Kruskal-Wallis H Test

18.9 SPSS in Focus: Computing the Kruskal-Wallis H Test

18.10 The Friedman Test

18.11 SPSS in Focus: Computing the Friedman Test

Appendix B. Basic Math Review and Summation Notation

Appendix A. Overview of Core Statistical Concepts in the Behavioral Sciences

Appendix C. SPSS General Instructions Guide With Steps for Evaluating Assumptions for Inferential Statistics

Appendix D. Statistical Tables

Appendix E. Chapter Solutions for Even-Numbered Problems

Glossary

References

Index

Supplements

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Student Resources

Review as the primary source for the my Psych Stats course. Has great examples and easy to read.

Dr Melissa C. Baron

Psychology Dept, Kean University - Union

March 29, 2024

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