Culturally Diverse Counseling

Elsie Jones-Smith

Other Titles in:
Counselling Psychology | Multi-Cultural Counselling | Multicultural Social Work

December 2018 | 672 pages | SAGE Publications, Inc

Culturally Diverse Counseling: Theory and Practice adopts a unique strengths-based approach in teaching students to focus on the positive attributes of individual clients and incorporate those strengths, along with other essential cultural considerations, into their diagnosis and treatment. With an emphasis on strengths as recommended in the 2017 multicultural guidelines set forth by the American Psychological Association (APA), this comprehensive text includes considerations for clinical practice with twelve groups, including older adults, immigrants and refugees, clients with disabilities, and multiracial clients. Each chapter includes practical guidelines for counselors, including opportunities for students to identify and curb their own implicit and explicit biases. A final chapter on social class, social justice, intersectionality, and privilege reminds readers of the various factors they must consider when working with clients of all backgrounds.

Preface

Acknowledgments

About the Author

Chapter 1. Culturally Responsive Strengths-Based Therapy: The Journey

Introduction: The Journey to Becoming a Culturally Responsive Strengths-Based Therapist

The Profound Influence of Culture

Our Brains Are Culturally Connected

Affirming Each Person’s Importance

The Integration of Culturally Responsive and Strengths-Based Therapy

Brief History and Overview of the Multicultural Movement

Mastering the Multicultural Counseling Competencies

Ethical Issues and Multiculturalism

The Evidence-Based Movement in Multicultural Counseling

Beginning the Cultural Competency Journey

Levels of Counselor Competency Development

Clinical Skill Development: Cultural Awareness and Knowledge

Major Barriers to Culturally Competent Counseling

Neuroscience, the Brain, and the Invisible Neural Barrier of Ethnic/Racial Bias

Summary of Key Points

Discussion Questions

Key Terms

References and Suggested Reading

Chapter 2. Cultural Meaning Systems, Cultural Trust, and Cultural Humility

Introduction

Cultural Principles

The Iceberg Concept of Culture

Emic and Etic Perspectives on Culture

Culture and Neuroscience

Neuroscience and Cultural Differences

The Globalization of Culture

Culture and the Process of Identity Development: The Tripartite Model

The Ethnic Self: Ethnicity as a Schema

Research on the Positive Benefits of a Cultural Identity

Does One Have to Be of the Same Cultural/Ethnic/Racial Background to Counsel Clients Effectively?

Assimilation, Marginalization, Acculturation, and Acculturative Stress

Culturally Responsive Counseling: Reaching Across Barriers

Understanding Clients’ Cultural Stories

Culturally Competent Clinical Knowledge

Culturally Responsive Knowledge Skills for the Initial Interview

Cultural Trust: A Critical Issue in Culturally Diverse Counseling

Cultural Empathy and Cultural Competence

Levels of Culturally Competent Clinical Responding

The Culturally Competent Skill of Counselor Cultural Humility

Toward a Model for Evaluating Culturally Competent Clinical Skill Development of Counselors

Summary of Key Points

Discussion Questions

Key Terms

References and Suggested Reading

Chapter 3. Neuroscience, Multiple Cultural Identities, and Cultural Strengths

Introduction

Neuroscience, CACREP Standards, and Major Counseling Associations

Foundational Concepts in Neuroscience for Counselors

The Brain

Mapping the Cultural Architecture of the Brain

Cultural Identity Formation and Neuroscience

Brain Regions and Cultural Identity

Some Important Findings in Cultural Neuroscience

Cultural Identity and the Cultural Formulation Interview for the DSM-5

The Negativity Bias of the Brain: Findings in Neuroscience

Is the Brain Hardwired to See the Glass Half Empty or Half Full?

Mental Health From a Neuroscientific Perspective

Neuroimaging Techniques and the Brain

Neuroscience: Psychotherapy Changes Your Brain

The Therapeutic Relationship From a Neuroscientific Perspective

Neuroscience and the Culturally Responsive Counselor

Mirror Neurons and Counselors

What Happens When a Counselor Focuses on a Client’s Negative Life Events?

Neuroscience and Multiple Cultural Identities

What Is a Multicultural Identity?

The Need for Clinicians to Adopt a Multicultural Identity

Summary of Key Points

Discussion Questions

Key Terms

References and Suggested Reading

Chapter 4. Strengths-Based Development, Culture, and Clinical Practice

Introduction

Culture, the Brain, and Strengths Development

The Neurobiology of Human Strengths Development

Strengths and the Brain’s Pruning Process

Relational Components of Strengths Development

Attachment Theory and Strengths Development

Bowlby’s Theory of Attachment: The Foundation for Understanding Individual Strengths Development

Significance of Attachment Relationships and Strengths Development

Strengths Development and the Importance of a Trusted Relationship

Strengths Development and Attention

Attachment Patterns Across Cultures

Significance of Cultural Attachment, Migration, and Acculturation

Strengths Development, the Narrative Process, and the Mind

Strengths as Dialogic Conversations With the Self

Western and Eastern Views on Human Strengths: The Chinese Perspective

How Do I Make Culturally Responsive Counseling Strengths-Based?

The Philosophy of Strengths-Based Therapy

Cultural Mindsets

Culturally Responsive Strengths-Based Practice

Summary of Key Points

Discussion Questions

Key Terms

References and Suggested Reading

Chapter 5. The Strengths-Based Therapy Model and Culturally Responsive Counseling

Introduction

The Revised Strengths-Based Therapy Model

Strengths-Based Therapy Techniques

Summary of Key Points

Discussion Questions

Key Terms

References and Suggested Reading

Chapter 6 Culturally Responsive Assessment and the Cultural Formulation Interview

Introduction

General Assessment Principles in Counseling and Psychotherapy

Clinical Issues in Conducting a Qualitative, Culturally Responsive Assessment

The DSM-5 and the Cultural Formulation Interview

The Four Domains of the Cultural Formulation Interview

Cultural Genogram: An Assessment Tool

The Strengths-Based Therapy Model’s Assessment Process

Creating a Strengths Genogram

Assess the Client’s Potential for Self-Harm and Risk to Others

Summary of Key Points

Discussion Questions

Key Terms

References and Suggested Reading

Chapter 7. Culturally Responsive Case Conceptualization and Treatment Planning

Introduction

Case Conceptualization: Some General Elements

Culturally Responsive Case Conceptualization

Case Conceptualization and the Cultural Formulation Interview

Strengths-Based Case Conceptualization

Strengths-Based Treatment Plans

Culturally Responsive Strengths-Based Therapy Techniques

Summary of Key Points

Discussion Questions

Key Terms

References and Suggested Reading

Chapter 8. Culturally Responsive Strengths-Based Therapy for African Americans

Introduction

The African American Population: Some Basic Demographics

Historical and Psychosocial Issues for Blacks: Oppression, Discrimination, and the Legacy of Slavery

African Americans and Cultural Values

Cultural Strengths of African Americans

NTU: An Afrocentric Model for Counseling African Americans

Summary of Key Points

Discussion Questions

Key Terms

References and Suggested Reading

Chapter 9. Culturally Responsive Strengths-Based Therapy for American Indians and Alaska Natives

Introduction

Defining Group Membership

Demographic and Population Statistics

Who Is an “Authentic” or “Real Indian”?

Socioeconomic Status

Theory of Historical Trauma Among American Indians

Ethnic/Racial Stereotypes, Racism, and Microaggressions

Worldview

Family Structure: The Tribe as Family

Cultural Identity

Cultural Values

Cultural Strengths

Healing: The Circle and Medicine Wheel in Indian Life

Counseling Applications of the Circle and Medicine Wheel

Mental Health Challenges

Counseling Approaches for American Indians and Alaska Natives

Summary of Key Points

Discussion Questions

Key Terms

References and Suggested Reading

Chapter 10. Culturally Responsive Strengths-Based Therapy for Asian Americans, Native Hawaiians, and Pacific Islanders

Introduction

Demographic and Population Statistics

Historical Changes in the Asian American Profile

Socioeconomic Status of Asian Americans and Pacific Islanders: 2013

Asian Americans as the “Model Ethnic Minority”: Myth or Reality?

Ethnic/Racial Stereotypes, Racism, and Microaggressions

Cultural Issues of Asian Americans and Pacific Islanders

Asian American and Pacific Islander Communication: High-Context Culture

Cultural Identity of Asian Americans: No One Identity Model for All

Cultural Strengths and Contributions of Asian Americans

Acculturation and Cultural Issues Affecting Mental Health

Cultural Factors in Counseling Asian Americans

Summary of Key Points

Discussion Questions

Key Terms

References and Suggested Reading

Chapter 11. Culturally Responsive Strengths-Based Therapy for Hispanic and Latino/a Americans

Introduction

Hispanic/Latino American Cultural Values

Acculturation Conflicts for Hispanic/Latino Americans

Cultural Identity of Hispanics and Latinos

Hispanic/Latino Cultural Strengths

Hispanic/Latino Physical and Mental Health Issues

Counseling Approaches for Working With Hispanic/Latino Clients

Summary of Key Points

Discussion Questions

Key Terms

References and Suggested Reading

Chapter 12. Culturally Responsive Strengths-Based Therapy for Arab and Muslim Americans

Introduction

Microaggressions Against Arab and Muslim Americans

Cultural Values and Worldview of Arabs and Muslims

Acculturation: Patterns and Conflicts

Mental Health Issues for Arab and Muslim Americans

Counseling Arab and Muslim Americans

Counseling Arab and Muslim Americans: Some Recommendations

Summary of Key Points

Discussion Questions

Key Terms

References and Suggested Reading

Chapter 13. Culturally Responsive Strengths-Based Therapy for White Americans of European Ancestry

Introduction

Socioeconomic Status of White Americans

Ethnic Group Saliency for White Americans

The White American Worldview

Models of White Racial Identity Development

The Hardiman White Racial Identity Model

The Helms Model of White Identity Development

Counseling White Americans of European Ancestry

Summary of Key Points

Discussion Questions

Key Terms

References and Suggested Reading

Chapter 14. Culturally Responsive Strengths-Based Therapy for Women

Introduction

Demographics of American Women

Socioeconomic Status of U.S. Women

Microaggressions Against Women and Gender Inequality

The Mental Health Issues of Women

Counseling Approaches for Women: Feminist Therapy

Dissatisfaction With Existing Psychological Theories

Dissatisfaction With Diagnostic Categories and Mother Blaming

Traditional Theories Versus Feminist Therapies: Six Characteristics

Key Concepts of Feminist Therapy

Gender Role Stereotyping Across Cultures

The Social Construction of Gender

Gender and Power Differentials

Feminist Therapy Approaches

Goals of Feminist Therapy

The Role of Men in Feminist Therapy

Techniques of Feminist Therapy

Feminist Therapy and Multicultural Therapy

Integration of Feminist Therapy With Other Approaches

Summary of Key Points

Discussion Questions

Key Terms

References and Suggested Reading

Chapter 15. Culturally Responsive Strengths-Based Therapy for LGBTQ Individuals

Introduction

Demographic and LGBTQ Population Data

Socioeconomic Status

Discrimination and the Gay Rights Movement

LGBTQ Identity Development

Transgender Identity Development

Coming Out and Gender Identity Development for Gays, Lesbians, and Bisexuals

Coming Out for People of Color: A “Tricultural Experience”

LGBTQ Youth and Schools

LGBTQ Families: Some Facts

Mental Health Issues and the LGBTQ Community

Top 10 Physical and Mental Health Concerns of LGBTQ College Students

Strengths of LGBTQ Populations

Counseling Members of the LGBTQ Community

The Therapeutic Process in Gay and Lesbian Psychotherapy

Role of the Therapist in Working With LGBTQ Clients

Gay Affirmative Psychotherapy

Summary of Key Points

Discussion Questions

Key Terms

References and Suggested Reading

Chapter 16. Culturally Responsive Strengths-Based Therapy for Individuals With Disabilities

Introduction

Definition of Disability and the Americans With Disabilities Act

Demographics of People With Disabilities

Socioeconomic Status

Major Categories of Disabilities

Models of Disability

Disability as a Multicultural Issue

Privilege and People With Disabilities

Microaggressions Toward People With Disabilities

Spread: A Form of Ableism

Interaction Strain and People With Disabilities

Identity Development and People With Disabilities

Experiencing a Disability Identity After Trauma

Strengths of People With Disabilities

Counseling Approaches for Individuals With Disabilities

People With Disabilities and Risk for Abuse

Empowerment

Family Counseling and People With Disabilities

Disability Affirmative Therapy and Disability Orientation

Olkin’s Model of Disability and Counseling Approach

Summary of Key Points

Discussion Questions

Key Terms

References and Suggested Reading

Chapter 17. Culturally Responsive Strengths-Based Therapy for Older Adults

Introduction

Demographics for Older Adults

Western and Eastern Cultural Views on Aging

Ageism

Microaggressions and the Older Adult

Mental Health Issues of the Older Adult

Depression and Older Adults

Alzheimer’s Disease and Other Cognitive Impairments

Substance Abuse and Older Adults

Sexuality and the Older Adult

The Strengths-Based Therapy Model and the Older Adult

Phases of Strengths-Based Therapy for Older Adults

Additional Strengths Assessment Issues

A Final Note on Clinical Intervention and Treatment Issues

Summary of Key Points

Discussion Questions

Key Terms

References and Suggested Reading

Chapter 18. Culturally Responsive Strengths-Based Therapy for Immigrants and Refugees

Introduction

Refugee, Asylee, and Immigrant: Some Working Definitions

Microaggressions, Hate Crimes, and Discrimination Against Immigrants and Refugees

Mental Health Issues of Immigrants and Refugees

Mental Health Issues and Pre- and Postmigration

Competency Assessment for Practitioners Working With Refugees and Immigrants

Counseling and Therapy Models for Working With Refugees With PTSD

Culturally Responsive Strengths-Based Therapy

Summary of Key Points

Discussion Questions

Key Terms

References and Suggested Reading

Chapter 19. Culturally Responsive Strengths-Based Therapy for Multiracial People

Introduction

Models of Multiethnic/Multiracial Identity Development

Competencies for Counseling Multiracial Individuals

Psychotherapy With Multiethnic/Multiracial People

Summary of Key Points

Discussion Questions

Key Terms

References and Suggested Reading

Chapter 20. Social Class, Social Justice, Intersectionality, and Privilege

Introduction

Social Class and Culturally Responsive Counseling

The Neuroscience of Poverty and Social Class

Neuroscience, Social Class, and Empathy

The Social Justice Movement in Counseling

Intersectionality, Social Class, and Social Justice

Internalized Oppression: Social Class and Ethnicity/Race

Privilege, Race, and Social Class

Summary of Multidimensional Privileges in a Society

Social Class and Cultural Strengths: Antidote for Internalized Oppression and Stereotype Threat

Summary of Key Points

Discussion Questions

Key Terms

References and Suggested Reading

Index

Supplements

Instructor Resource Site

Visit study.sagepub.com/jonessmithcdc to access the password-protected instructor resources that accompany this text.

A test bank provides a diverse range of pre-written options as well as the opportunity to edit any question and/or insert personalized questions to effectively assess students’ progress and understanding.
Editable, chapter-specific PowerPoint® slides offer complete flexibility for creating a multimedia presentation.

“Understanding cultural perspectives of our clients is a continuous challenge. Elsie Jones-Smith succinctly presents a multicultural strength-based model to ease the unique challenges in working with diverse clients. Empower yourself to empower your clients.”

Dr. Sorie Koroma

University of Massachusetts

“A transformational book regarding multicultural therapy.”

Tomasina L. Cook

Niagara University

strengths-based approach

Cheryl Smith

Counseling Division, Denver Seminary

February 2, 2023

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I wanted a book that used a social justice model and highlighted resilience. This book delivered on that.

Dr Rosenna Bakari

Counseling & Human Services, University Of Colorado-Colorado Springs

August 8, 2019

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