Preface
Acknowledgments
About the Author
Chapter 1: Getting Started
R, RStudio, and R Markdown
Getting Started in RStudio
Navigating RStudio With R Markdown
Using R Markdown Files Versus R-Scripts
Practice on Analysis and Visualization
Chapter 2: An Introduction to Data Analysis
The Main Components of Data Analysis
Developing Hypotheses by Describing Data
Model Building and Estimation
Practice on Analysis and Visualization
Chapter 3: Describing Data
Different Kinds of Variables
Describing Data Saves Time and Effort
Practice on Analysis and Visualization
Chapter 4: Central Tendency and Dispersion
Measures of Central Tendency: The Mode, Mean, and Median
Measures of Dispersion: The Range, Interquartile Range, and Standard Deviation
Interquartile Range Versus Standard Deviation
Practice on Analysis and Visualization
Chapter 5: Univariate and Bivariate Descriptions of Data
The Good, the Bad, and the Outlier
Five Views of Univariate Data
Are They in a Relationship?
Practice on Analysis and Visualization
Chapter 6: Transforming Data
Theoretical Reasons for Transforming Data
Transforming Data for Practical Reasons
Transforming Data—Continuous to Categorical Variables
Transforming Data—Changing Categories
Practice on Analysis and Visualization
Chapter 7: Some Principles of Displaying Data
The Basic Elements of a Story
Documentation (Establishing Credibility as a Storyteller)
Build an Intuition (Setting the Context)
Show Causation (The Journey)
From Causation to Action (The Resolution)
Practice on Analysis and Visualization
Chapter 8: The Essentials of Probability Theory
Sample Bias and Random Samples
The Central Limit Theorem
The Standard Normal Distribution
Practice on Analysis and Visualization
Chapter 9: Confidence Intervals and Testing Hypotheses
Confidence Intervals With Large Samples
Small Samples and the t-Distribution
Comparing Two Sample Means
A Brief Note on Statistical Inference and Causation
Practice on Analysis and Visualization
Chapter 10: Making Comparisons
Why Do We Make Comparisons?
Questions That Beg Comparisons
Comparing Two Categorical Variables
Comparing Continuous and Categorical Variables
Comparing Two Continuous Variables
Exploratory Data Analysis: Investigating Abortion Rates in the United States
Good Analysis Generates Additional Questions
Practice on Analysis and Visualization
Chapter 11: Controlled Comparisons
What Is a Controlled Comparison?
Comparing Two Categorical Variables, Controlling for a Third
Comparing Two Continuous Variables, Controlling for a Third
Arguments and Controlled Comparisons
Practice on Analysis and Visualization
Practice on Analysis and Visualization
Chapter 12: Linear Regression
The Advantages of Linear Regression
The Slope and Intercept in Linear Regression
Goodness of Fit (R2 Statistic)
Examples of Bivariate Regressions
Practice on Analysis and Visualization
Chapter 13: Multiple Regression
What Is Multiple Regression?
Regression Models and Arguments
Regression Models, Theory, and Evidence
Interpreting Estimates in Multiple Regression
Example: Homicide Rate and Education
Practice on Analysis and Visualization
Practice on Analysis and Visualization
Chapter 14: Dummies and Interactions
What Is a Dummy Variable?
Additive Models and Interactive Models
Bivariate Dummy Variable Regression
Multiple Regression and Dummy Variables
Interactions in Multiple Regression
Practice on Analysis and Visualization
Chapter 15: Diagnostics I: Is Ordinary Least Squares Appropriate?
Diagnostics in Regression Analysis
Properties of Statistics and Estimators
The Gauss-Markov Assumptions
Practice on Analysis and Visualization
Chapter 16: Diagnostics II: Residuals, Leverages, and Measures of Influence
Practice on Analysis and Visualization
Chapter 17: Logistic Regression
Questions and Problems That Require Logistic Regression
Logistic Regression Violates Gauss-Markov Assumptions
Working With Predicted Probabilities
Model Fit With Logistic Regression
Practice on Analysis and Visualization
Appendix: Developing Empirical Implications
Developing Empirical Implications
Testing Additional Dependent Variables
Testing Additional Independent Variables
Using Information on Cases
Glossary
References
Index